This perspective is based on forbidden conceptual categories or realities and, therefore, gives a broader concept of euphemism, not restricted to the lexical plane, but which goes beyond a simple substitution process. After a critical-descriptive analysis of these formulations from the standpoints of both lexical semantics and communicative pragmatics, a new theoretical proposal for the linguistic treatment of the euphemistic–dysphemistic phenomenon has been put forward, which starts from a distinction between word taboo or linguistic taboo and concept taboo or conceptual interdiction (strictly speaking, linguistic interdiction). This paper consists of a revision of the different definitions of euphemism, which, apart from certain restrictive and singular descriptions, can be classified, basically, in two groups: the extralinguistic and the strictly linguistic ones. This article presents the results of the first part of our research and the conclusions we have reached regarding sociolinguistic patterns in the expression of taboos. Our approach to the subject is twofold, considering on the one hand what happens in semi-formal oral discourse and, on the other, speakers’ perceptions of the use made of taboo expressions. For that reason, and with a view to deepening our understanding of its discursive functions and of the repercussion on its use of certain social factors (sex, age, educational level and social class), we are carrying out research into taboos in language in the spoken language of Madrid, as part of the proyect: "Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolingüístico del Español de España y América (PRESEEA)". One of the more neglected aspects of the linguistic expression of taboo concepts, behaviour and realities is variation as the result of social factors. This has led to a broadening of the object of study and to the emergence of interdisciplinary approaches. In the last few decades the study of taboos in language has made considerable, though not yet sufficient, progress, particularly in disciplines such as sociolinguistics and pragmatics that concern themselves with the spoken word. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, se hace un rastreo del vocablo pinga en los principales diccionarios académicos y cuba-nos y se ha confeccionado un corpus a partir de las entradas para Cuba de los corpus Se parte de las teorías lingüísticas más recientes sobre el tabú que definen los usos eufemísticos y disfemísticos como procesos cognitivos de conceptualización de una realidad interdicta. Resumen: La investigación se propone examinar el recorrido que ha tenido el lexema pin-ga en la lengua española, específicamente en la variante cubana del español, identificar sus usos actuales en esta variedad y describir los procedimientos semánticos, pragmáticos y discursivos que se manifiestan en ellos. The uses that are identified correspond to the most frequent dysphemistic uses: insult, interjection, and intensification. Along with the meaning of the male sexual organ, there are others that show a process of loss of referential meaning, of resemantization and desemantization, common in euphemisms and dysphemisms. In current Cuban Spanish, the word can be considered polysemic. The search in dictionaries made possible the conclusion that, through the use of metaphor, pinga transferred its meaning to penis, which has been the only meaning recorded in Cu-ban dictionaries since the 19th century. From a methodological point of view, the word pinga is traced in the main academic and Cuban dictionaries and a corpus was created from the entries for Cuba in CREA and CORPES XXI academic corpora, as well as the Cuban news portal CiberCuba.
It is based on the most recent linguistic theories about the taboo that define euphemistic and dysphemistic uses as cognitive processes of conceptualization of a forbidden reality. The research aims to examine the path that the lexeme pinga has had in the Span-ish language, specifically in the Cuban variant of Spanish, to identify its current uses in this variety, and to describe the semantic, pragmatic, and discursive procedures that are manifested in them.
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